The tunning machines on the headstock of the guitar are used to tighten the strings to make them sound at a higher pitch, or to loosen the strings, hence making them sound at a lower pitch.
You can tighten the strings by using a counter-clockwise motion, or you can lossen the strings with a clockwise motion:
Standard tuning is the "default" tuning for the guitar. Most songs that you will learn will be in standard tuning. Use the audio clips below to get your guitar in tune. Match the pitch of each string as closely as you can. It's alright if it takes you awhile. You'll get better with pratice. One you have tunned all six strings, go back and check them again. Sometimes you'll have to make some minor adjustments.
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A lot of players will get the low E string in tune and then tune the rest of the strings to low E string. Once you have your low E in tune you can then tune the high E string to match it. Next you are going to tune the fifth string to A by matching the tone of the 5th fret of the 6th string with the tone of the 5th string played open. Next, you proceed to tune the rest of the strings by using a tone from the previous string like in the tab below:
This is not a very effective method to tune the guitar correctly, but is great for "on-the-fly" adjustments.
The best tuning method is to buy a chromatic tuner...
